As the name suggests, “news” usually means the presentation of new information. [5] [6] The novelty of current events gives it an uncertain quality that distinguishes it from the more careful study of history or other scientific disciplines. [6] [7] [8] While historians tend to view events as manifestations causally related to underlying processes, news tends to describe events in isolation and exclude discussions about the relationships between them. [9] News vividly describes the world in the present or immediate past, even if the most important aspects of a message have occurred long in the past – or are expected in the future. To make news, a continuous process must have an “anchoring”, an event in time that anchors it to the present moment. [9] [10] In this context, news often deals with aspects of reality that seem unusual, deviant or unusual. [11] Hence the famous saying that “Dog Man” is not a short story, but “Man Dog” is. [12] Governments use international news bulletins to promote the national interest and wage political warfare, also known as public diplomacy and, in modern times, international broadcasting. International broadcasting has been widely broadcast by world powers seeking cultural integration of their empires. [253] The British government used BBC radio as a diplomatic tool and established Arabic, Spanish, and Portuguese services in 1937. [254] U.S.
propaganda stations include Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, which were founded during the Cold War and are still in operation today. [255] The United States remains the world`s largest broadcaster, although, according to some reports, it was overtaken by the Soviet Union around 1980. Other major international broadcasters include the People`s Republic of China, Taiwan, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, North Korea, India, Cuba and Australia. [256] Around the world (and especially earlier in the Soviet bloc), international news sources such as the BBC World Service are often welcomed as alternatives to national state media. [257] [258] The purpose of the guiding principle (sometimes spelled Lede to distinguish it from soft metal) is to draw the reader`s attention and summarize the main ideas of the story. This first line is intended to draw the reader`s attention to the content of the article. The lead also defines the topic, sets the tone and leads readers through the article. [5] The perception that an ongoing crisis further increases the importance of live news.
People rely on the news and are constantly looking for more to learn new information and seek reassurance amid feelings of fear and uncertainty. [297] Crises can also amplify the impact of news on social cohesion and lead a country`s population to “align” behind its current leaders. [298] The rise of a global messaging system goes hand in hand with the rise of terrorism and other sensational acts that have power over the public they conquer. In 1979, the capture of American hostages in Iran dominated months of Western media coverage, gaining “crisis” status and influencing a presidential election. [299] Over the centuries, newspaper and social media commentators have observed widespread human interest in news. [5] [274] Members of the elite of a society`s political and economic institutions can rely on the news as a limited source of information; For the masses, news represents a relatively exclusive window into the operations by which a company is run. [275] The English word “news” developed in the 14th century as a special use of the plural form of “new.” In Middle English, the equivalent word newes, like French news and German, was newes. Similar developments can be found in the Slavic languages – namely Czech and Slovak noviny (from nový, “new”), Polish cognate nowiny, Bulgarian novini and Russian novosti – and in the Celtic languages: Welsh Newyddion (from newydd) and Cornish nowodhow (from nowydh). [1] [2] The spread of paper and printing from China to Europe was preceded by a great advance in communications. [83] With the proliferation of printing presses and the creation of new markets in the 1500s, news shifted from factual and concise economic reporting to a more emotional and permissive format. (Private newsletters containing important information therefore remained for the use of people who needed to know.) [84] The first newspapers appeared in Germany in the early 1600s. [85] Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historian, from 1605, is considered the first formalized “journal” in the world; [86] Although not a “diary” in the modern sense, the ancient Roman Acta Diurna around 131 BC.
J.-C. had a similar purpose. This idea, at least as a goal to be pursued, has resurfaced in the age of global communication. [287] Today, there are unprecedented opportunities for public analysis and discussion of world events. [288] According to one interpretation of the CNN effect, instant global reporting can mobilize public opinion like never before to motivate political action. [289] In 1989, local and global media allowed for immediate exposure and discussion of the Chinese government`s actions in Tiananmen Square. News from Tiananmen Square spread through a fax machine, telephone, newspaper, radio and television and continued to travel even after the government imposed new restrictions on local telecommunications. [290] In Britain and the United States, television grew dramatically in the 1950s and supplanted radio as the primary source of public information in the 1960s. [156] In the United States, television was operated by the same stations that owned radio: CBS, NBC and an NBC spin-off called ABC. [157] Edward R. Murrow, who first appeared in the public eye as a war reporter in London, took the leap to television to become an iconic CBS reporter (and later director of the U.S. Information Agency).
[158] The professional model is to organize certain events for a specific audience. Public reaction is influential because it can determine the effect the article or newspaper has on readers. [305] The mirror model states that news must reflect reality. This model aims to focus on specific events and ensure accurate reporting. The organizational model is also called the negotiation model. [304] It aims to influence various media outlets by exerting pressure on government processes. The political model emphasizes that news represents people`s ideological biases as well as the various constraints of the political environment. This model mainly influences journalists and tries to promote public opinion. [305] The model of civic journalism is when the press discovers people`s concerns and uses them to write stories. This allows the public to play an active role in society.
It was recognized that sponsorship has influenced various messages in the past. [318] [319] [320] This story attracted a lot of attention after the release of the movie Anchorman 2. [318] [319] [320] A recent example is the fact that Facebook has invested heavily in news sources and has bought time for local news media. [321] [322] Technology journalist Josh Continue even said in February 2018 that the company had “stolen the news business” and used sponsorship to turn many news publishers into its “ghost writers.” [321] In January 2019, founder Mark Zuckerberg announced that he would spend $300 million on local news purchases over a three-year period. [322] [323] The Chinese Communist Party founded its news agency, the Red China News Agency, in 1931; his main duties were the Red China newspaper and the internal newspaper Reference News.
